ГДЗ по английскому языку 11 класс Афанасьева Spotlight Базовый уровень страница - 68

### Итоговые ответы #### Упражнение 1 (a, b) **a) Формы залогов из текста:** * **Passive forms (Страдательный залог):** * `has been caused` (Present Perfect Passive) * `was still being fought` (Past Continuous Passive) * `is being cleared away` (Present Continuous Passive) * `will be started` (Future Simple Passive) * `is discovered` (Present Simple Passive) * `had been made` (Past Perfect Passive) * `were seen` (Past Simple Passive) * `has yet to be discovered` (Passive Infinitive) * **Active forms (Действительный залог):** * `broke out` (Past Simple) * `said` (Past Simple) * `was` (Past Simple) * `had ever seen` (Past Perfect) * `are treating` (Present Continuous) * `has` (Present Simple) * `may help` (Modal verb + bare infinitive) * `should contact` (Modal verb + bare infinitive) **b) Исполнитель действия (Agent):** * Для ввода исполнителя действия используется предлог **`by`** (*например: «...caused **by** a fire...»*). * Исполнитель опускается (не указывается), когда: 1. Он **неизвестен** (*«Reports had been made...», «two suspicious characters were seen...»*). 2. Он **очевиден** из контекста или не имеет значения (*«The debris is being cleared away...», «The fire was still being fought...»*). 3. Само **действие важнее**, чем тот, кто его совершил. --- #### Упражнение 2 1. My brother's bike **was stolen** yesterday. 2. This soup **was made** with carrots and coriander. 3. Who **is** Pam's party **being catered by**? *(или: By whom is Pam's party being catered?)* 4. Their house **will have been finished** by May. 5. The thieves **were arrested** by the police. 6. Sam hates **being told** what to do. 7. The 'Fifi Fairy' books **are written** by Maria. 8. An apology **should be made** by Jack. --- #### Упражнение 3 1. I think there's somebody behind us. — **We are being followed.** 2. He's very angry. — **He hates being kept waiting.** 3. It's private parking. — **Parking is not allowed.** 4. This is very serious. — **Something needs to be done immediately.** 5. Please go now. — **I want to be left alone.** 6. Have you heard the news? — **The Mayor has been shot.** 7. Stella didn't go to the party. — **She hadn't been invited.** *(или: She wasn't invited.)* 8. Can I help you, sir? — **No, thanks. I am being served.** 9. He hasn't received the parcel. — **It may have been sent to the wrong address.** 10. They pulled down the old factory. — **A cinema complex will have been built by next May.** *(или: ...is going to be built by next May.)* --- #### Упражнение 4 **Текст в пассивном залоге:** > An unusual way of predicting earthquakes **has been discovered** by scientists in China – snakes! Snakes **are being observed** at local snake farms to see if their behaviour changes before an earthquake. Cameras **are linked** to a broadband Internet connection. It **is believed** that earthquakes **can be sensed** from 120 km away, three to five days before they happen. Nests **are abandoned** or walls **are even smashed into** to escape. Because China **is frequently struck** by earthquakes, a reliable method of predicting them **must be found** to avoid the terrible injury and loss of life that **are caused** by them. **Где исполнитель (agent) не нужен:** * *(by experts)* — очевидно, что наблюдение ведут специалисты; * *(by the scientists)* — понятно из предыдущего контекста; * *(by people / by scientists)* — в безличных конструкциях и обобщениях (*It is believed...*); * *(by the snakes)* — понятно, о ком речь (*nests are abandoned...*); * *(by scientists)* во фразе *a reliable method must be found* — фокус на самом методе. --- #### Упражнение 5 **Правило образования:** * **Impersonal construction (Безличная):** `It + passive verb + that-clause` (глагол в пассиве согласуется с *It* в нужном времени, далее следует придаточное предложение без изменений). * **Personal construction (Личная):** `Subject + passive verb + to-infinitive`: * *Simple / Continuous Infinitive* (`to do` / `to be doing`), если действие относится к настоящему или будущему времени; * *Perfect Infinitive* (`to have done` / `to have been doing`), если действие в придаточном предложении произошло раньше действия главного предложения (в прошлом). **Предложения:** 1. **P:** She is believed to be resting at home. **I:** It is believed that she is resting at home. 2. **P:** The doctor is reported to have made a mistake in the diagnosis. **I:** It is reported that the doctor made a mistake in the diagnosis. 3. **P:** The tsunami is expected to hit at 8 am. **I:** It is expected that the tsunami will hit at 8 am. 4. **P:** She is known to have a difficult character. **I:** It is known that she has a difficult character. 5. **P:** A monster is said to live in a lake in Scotland. **I:** It is said that a monster lives in a lake in Scotland. 6. **P:** Andrea is believed to have been treated very badly. **I:** It is believed that Andrea was treated very badly. 7. **P:** The number of cases of asthma is thought to be rising. **I:** It is thought that the number of cases of asthma is rising. --- ### Подробное объяснение и грамматический справочник 1. **Базовая формула Passive Voice:** $$\text{Подлежащее} + \text{to be (в нужном времени)} + V_3 \text{ (Past Participle)}$$ * Дополнение активного предложения переходит на место подлежащего. * Исполнитель действия с предлогом **by** ставится только тогда, когда важно подчеркнуть, кто именно совершил действие (например, автор книги: *by Maria*). 2. **Особенности временных форм и конструкций:** * **Герундий в пассиве:** *hates people telling him* $\rightarrow$ *hates **being told*** (Упр. 2.6, 3.2). * **Модальные глаголы:** $\text{Modal} + \text{be} + V_3$ (*should be made*, *needs to be done*). * **Перфектный инфинитив с модальными глаголами:** $\text{Modal} + \text{have been} + V_3$ (*may have been sent* — предположение о действии в прошлом). 3. **Личные (Personal) и безличные (Impersonal) структуры:** * Используются с глаголами мнения и сообщения (*say, think, believe, report, know, expect*). * В личных структурах ключевым моментом является выбор правильного инфинитива: * Обычный факт / настоящее время: *She has...* $\rightarrow$ *to have*; *a monster lives...* $\rightarrow$ *to live*. * Процесс в настоящем: *she is resting...* $\rightarrow$ *to be resting*; *is rising...* $\rightarrow$ *to be rising*. * Прошедшее время: *the doctor made...* $\rightarrow$ *to have made*; *Andrea was treated...* $\rightarrow$ *to have been treated*.