Ниже представлены полные ответы и подробный разбор всех упражнений со страницы 111 учебника **Spotlight 11**.
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### Итоговые ответы
#### **Exercise 3**
**Table: Freedom of the Press / Преимущества и недостатки свободы прессы**
| Advantages (Преимущества) | Justifications/Examples (Обоснования / Примеры) |
| :--- | :--- |
| 1. Keeps the public informed and uncovers the truth. | People learn about important political, social, and world events; exposes corruption. |
| 2. Protects democracy and freedom of speech. | It allows journalists to express different viewpoints and hold governments accountable. |
| Disadvantages (Недостатки) | Justifications/Examples (Обоснования / Примеры) |
| :--- | :--- |
| 1. Invasion of personal privacy. | Celebrities and individuals are constantly followed by paparazzi; private lives are exposed. |
| 2. Spread of inaccurate or sensational information. | Tabloids often publish exaggerated stories or unverified rumours to increase sales. |
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#### **Exercise 4**
**Linking words used in the model essay, their functions and replacements:**
1. **First of all / Firstly**
* **Function:** to introduce points (введение аргумента).
* **Replacements:** *In the first place*, *One major advantage of... is*, *To start with*.
2. **Furthermore / In addition**
* **Function:** to add more points (добавление аргументов).
* **Replacements:** *Moreover*, *What is more*, *Secondly*.
3. **For example / For instance**
* **Function:** to introduce examples (введение примеров).
* **Replacements:** *In particular*, *Such as*.
4. **On the other hand / However**
* **Function:** to introduce contrasting points (введение противоположной точки зрения/контраста).
* **Replacements:** *In contrast*, *Nonetheless*, *Nevertheless*.
5. **In conclusion / All in all**
* **Function:** to conclude (подведение итогов/заключение).
* **Replacements:** *To sum up*, *All things considered*, *Taking everything into account*.
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#### **Exercise 5**
**a)**
* **Topic sentence 1 (Paragraph 2):** Вводит аргументы «за» (например: *There are several arguments in favour of the press having complete freedom*).
* **Supporting sentences:** содержат **reasons/justifications** (объясняют, почему информированность важна) и **examples** (примеры раскрытия коррупции).
* **Topic sentence 2 (Paragraph 3):** Вводит аргументы «против» (например: *On the other hand, there are a number of drawbacks to an unrestricted press*).
* **Supporting sentences:** включают **details** и **examples** (вмешательство папарацци в частную жизнь, публикация недостоверных слухов).
**b) Correct order:**
1. **C** (*There are many advantages to studying in a foreign country.*) — **Topic sentence**
2. **B** (*Firstly, it exposes you to new things.*)
3. **E** (*For example, you meet new people and learn all about another culture.*)
4. **D** (*What is more, you have the opportunity to improve your language skills.*)
5. **A** (*Finally, you come home wiser and have many stories to tell your friends and family.*)
*Правильная последовательность букв:* **C – B – E – D – A**
*Topic sentence:* **Sentence C**
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#### **Exercise 6**
**Full Topic Sentences:**
1. **However, there are some disadvantages to the press having the freedom to print whatever they want.**
2. **On the other hand, there are some benefits to using the Internet.**
3. **There are a number of arguments in favour of text messaging.**
4. **There are several major disadvantages to meeting new friends on the Internet.**
**Supporting sentences for two selected topic sentences:**
* **Option 2 (Benefits of using the Internet):**
> *Firstly, it provides quick access to a huge amount of information. For instance, students can easily do research for their homework online without having to visit a library.*
* **Option 4 (Disadvantages of meeting friends on the Internet):**
> *To begin with, you can never be certain of someone's true identity. For example, people might lie about their age or intentions, which can put your personal safety at risk.*
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#### **Exercise 7**
**Impersonal sentences:**
1. **Studies have shown that** students can develop useful skills by learning an ancient language like Latin.
2. **Many are of the opinion that** famous people have every right to live their private lives without the intrusion of the media.
3. **It can be argued that** tabloid newspapers are more interesting to read than broadsheets.
4. **Some believe that** English is not the only foreign language worth learning.
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### Пояснения к заданиям
1. **Структура эссе «За и против» (Ex. 3 & Ex. 5a):**
Каждый основной абзац (Main Body Paragraph) должен начинаться с **Topic Sentence** (тематического предложения), которое обозначает главную мысль абзаца (преимущества или недостатки). За ним следуют **Supporting Sentences**, которые раскрывают мысль с помощью объяснений (*justifications*), деталей (*details*) и конкретных примеров (*examples*).
2. **Логический порядок предложений (Ex. 5b):**
* **C** задает общую тему абзаца (плюсы учебы за границей).
* **B** называет первый плюс (*Firstly*).
* **E** приводит пример к первому плюсу (*For example*).
* **D** добавляет второй плюс (*What is more*).
* **A** подводит итог перечислению аргументов (*Finally*).
3. **Предлоги после устойчивых выражений (Ex. 6):**
* *disadvantages **to** / **of** something* (или герундий: *to doing something*);
* *benefits **to** / **of** using...*;
* *arguments **in favour of**...*
4. **Безличный стиль (Impersonal style, Ex. 7):**
В официальных и академических эссе избегают местоимений первого лица (*I think, In my opinion*). Для придания тексту объективности личные местоимения заменяют пассивными конструкциями и безличными фразами (*It can be argued that...*, *Studies have shown that...*, *Many are of the opinion that...*). Личное мнение автора обычно выражается только во введении и заключении.