ГДЗ по английскому языку 11 класс Афанасьева Spotlight Базовый уровень страница - 77

### Итоговый ответ #### 1 a * **Profession:** Florence Nightingale was a nurse. * **Description:** She is describing the terrible, unhygienic conditions in the army hospital during the Crimean War (lack of clean clothes, soap, clean water, proper flooring, and medical supplies). --- #### 1 b * She was called **‘The Lady With the Lamp’** because at night, when all the other medical staff had gone to sleep, she walked around the hospital wards carrying a lamp to check on the wounded soldiers and look after them. --- #### 1 c * **volunteered** — offered to do something without being forced or paid (вызвалась добровольцем). * **unventilated** — not having fresh air flowing through (непроветриваемый). * **dying in the thousands** — losing lives in huge numbers (умиравшие тысячами). * **unsanitary** — dirty, unhygienic, and likely to cause disease (антисанитарный). * **around the clock** — all day and all night without stopping (круглосуточно). * **filtered back** — (of news/information) gradually reached a place or became known (доходили сведения/слухи). * **established** — set up, founded, or created (an organisation, school, etc.) (основала / создала). --- #### 2 (RNE) 1. **have not had** *(допустимо: had not had)* 2. **to use** 3. **lying** *(допустимо: lie / lay)* 4. **become** 5. **living** 6. **were fed** 7. **caring** --- #### 3 **Notes under headings:** * **Place/date of birth:** Florence, Italy; 1820. * **Early years:** Born into a rich family; wanted to help the sick and poor instead of having a meaningless life; persuaded her father to let her become a nurse. * **Later years:** Suffered from ill health; became an important consultant on health issues. * **Achievements:** Improved hospital conditions during the Crimean War; reduced the death rate; founded a nursing school; wrote an influential book on nursing; reformed modern healthcare. * **Date of death:** 1910 (aged 90). **Monologue (Talk about Florence Nightingale):** > Florence Nightingale was born in 1820 into a wealthy British family. Although her parents wanted her to marry, she decided to dedicate her life to helping the sick and became a nurse. During the Crimean War in 1854, she volunteered to go to army hospitals. She drastically improved sanitary conditions, organized proper food and supplies, and looked after the wounded day and night, which earned her the nickname "The Lady with the Lamp". After the war, she founded a training school for nurses, wrote influential medical books, and transformed modern healthcare. She passed away in 1910 at the age of 90. **THINK! (Short reflection):** > Florence Nightingale’s work was extremely important because she laid the foundation of modern professional nursing and sanitary hospital design. Before her reforms, hospitals were dirty, and more soldiers died from infections than from battle wounds. By introducing basic hygiene, proper ventilation, and compassionate patient care, she saved countless lives and changed healthcare forever. --- #### 4 (ICT Portfolio) **Nikolay Pirogov: A Pioneer of Russian Medicine** > Nikolay Pirogov (1810–1881) was a prominent Russian surgeon and medical reformer who greatly improved conditions in Russia. During the Crimean War, at the same time as Florence Nightingale, Pirogov introduced modern triage (sorting the wounded by urgency), used ether anaesthesia on the battlefield for the first time, and pioneered the use of plaster casts for fractured bones. He also created the first organized corps of female field nurses in Russia (the Sisters of Mercy). His dedication transformed military medicine, saved thousands of lives, and set new sanitary and surgical standards nationwide. --- ### Подробное объяснение и грамматический разбор #### Задание 2 (Грамматическая трансформация) 1. **HAVE $\rightarrow$ have not had**: В письме используется время *Present Perfect*, так как описывается период до настоящего момента в сочетании с *nor been washed* («не имели чистых рубах и не мылись уже два месяца»). 2. **USE $\rightarrow$ to use**: Конструкция *it is + adjective + to-infinitive* (*it is impossible to use...* — невозможно использовать). 3. **LIE / LAY $\rightarrow$ lying**: Причастие настоящего времени (*Participle I*), выполняющее роль определения к существительному *floors* («полы, лежащие на гнилом дереве»). 4. **BECOME $\rightarrow$ become**: После глагола *let* в значении «позволять» используется инфинитив без частицы *to* (*let her become*). 5. **LIVE $\rightarrow$ living**: Причастие I (*Participle I*) после глагола восприятия (*found soldiers living...* — «обнаружила солдат, живущих...»). 6. **FEED $\rightarrow$ were fed**: Пассивный залог в прошедшем времени (*Past Simple Passive*), так как солдаты не кормили сами себя, а их кормили (*made sure the men were fed properly*). 7. **CARE $\rightarrow$ caring**: После устойчивого выражения *dedication to* (где *to* — предлог) используется герундий с окончанием **-ing** (*dedication to caring for patients* — преданность уходу за пациентами).